White Oleander Book Synopsis A Deep Dive

White Oleander book synopsis: A poignant exploration of family secrets, resilience, and the enduring impact of the past. This captivating novel delves into the lives of characters grappling with complex emotions and challenging circumstances, painting a vivid picture of a world shaped by both love and loss. Prepare to be moved by the stories within.

This synopsis meticulously examines the narrative, exploring key themes, characters, and historical context. It provides a detailed overview of the novel, dissecting the elements that contribute to its enduring appeal. We’ll unravel the intricacies of the plot, characters, and themes, offering a comprehensive understanding of the book.

Table of Contents

Summary of the Book

Janet Fitch’s “White Oleander” weaves a captivating tapestry of interwoven lives, exploring the complexities of family, trauma, and resilience. The narrative unfolds across generations, showcasing how the past profoundly shapes the present. This isn’t just a story; it’s a journey through the emotional landscapes of those touched by a family’s tumultuous history.This poignant novel delves into the lives of various characters, revealing their unique struggles and triumphs.

Through their interwoven fates, we witness the enduring impact of love, loss, and the relentless pursuit of healing. The author masterfully portrays the enduring strength of the human spirit amidst hardship.

Plot Summary

The novel chronicles the lives of several characters, particularly the remarkable journey of Astrid, a young girl caught in the crosscurrents of her family’s past. The narrative spans decades, illustrating how the past echoes through generations, shaping the present and influencing future choices. The story is anchored by a powerful, overarching theme of trauma and resilience, offering a profound insight into the ways in which individuals navigate their personal tragedies.

The novel explores how personal histories impact familial relationships and how individuals find their footing amidst adversity.

Main Characters and Their Roles

This section details the key figures in the novel, their roles, and how their relationships contribute to the story’s complexity.

Astrid, the protagonist, experiences a tumultuous childhood marked by hardship. Her resilience and strength are central to the narrative.
The mother, with her enigmatic past, profoundly influences Astrid’s life, demonstrating the enduring impact of familial history.
The various other family members, each with their own struggles and triumphs, contribute to the story’s intricate web of relationships.

Central Themes

The novel explores the enduring impact of trauma and the resilience of the human spirit. The story showcases the profound effect of a family’s past on present generations, emphasizing the complexities of familial bonds and the power of love to heal. It highlights the interconnectedness of individual lives and how personal histories can shape future generations.

Significant Events

The novel is marked by pivotal moments that shape the narrative. These events serve to highlight the profound influence of past experiences on current lives.

The tragic circumstances surrounding the family’s past create a backdrop of enduring sorrow and hardship, influencing the characters’ present actions.
The pivotal encounters and relationships between characters contribute to the evolving narrative, illustrating the complex interplay of human emotions and relationships.

Character Summary Table

This table provides a concise overview of the major characters, their roles, relationships, and key events.

Name	Role	Relationship	Key Events
Astrid	Protagonist	Daughter, granddaughter	Experiences childhood trauma, demonstrates resilience
Mother	Parent	Astrid’s mother	Has a mysterious past that shapes the story
Other Family Members	Supporting Characters	Relatives	Contribute to the intricate web of relationships and the overall narrative

Themes and Motifs: White Oleander Book Synopsis

Unraveling the heart of a story often lies in its recurring threads. These threads, woven into the narrative, are the themes and motifs. They provide a deeper understanding of the author’s intentions and the core message the story aims to convey. In “White Oleander,” these elements are intricately intertwined with the plot, enriching the reader’s experience and leaving a lasting impact.Exploring the novel’s themes and motifs unveils a rich tapestry of human experience.

From the profound impact of trauma to the enduring power of love and forgiveness, these recurring elements illuminate the complexities of life and the strength of the human spirit. They are not simply decorative flourishes but rather the very essence of the story, giving it depth and resonance.

Recurring Themes

The novel explores numerous themes that intertwine and resonate throughout the narrative. These themes aren’t presented in isolation; instead, they weave together to form a complex and nuanced understanding of the characters and their journeys. The impact of the past on the present, the enduring nature of love, and the resilience of the human spirit are prominent throughout the story.

The enduring impact of trauma: The novel powerfully portrays the long-lasting effects of childhood trauma on individuals. The characters grapple with emotional scars, shaping their choices and relationships. This theme is central to understanding the behaviors and motivations of many characters.
The enduring power of love: Despite the hardships faced, the characters in the story find solace and strength in various forms of love. This can be the love between family members, the love found in relationships, and the love that transcends the boundaries of time and circumstance.
The resilience of the human spirit: The novel celebrates the capacity for growth and healing in the face of adversity. Characters confront their pasts, learn from their mistakes, and ultimately emerge stronger. This resilient spirit serves as a beacon of hope throughout the narrative.

Recurring Motifs

Motifs, like recurring symbols or images, add layers of meaning to the story. They often highlight key themes and contribute to the overall atmosphere. The motif of family and its complexities, the symbolic use of nature, and the representation of the past are all significant in shaping the narrative.

The motif of family and its complexities: The novel delves into the multifaceted nature of family relationships. The bonds of family, both positive and negative, are explored in depth. This motif underscores the importance of familial ties and the enduring impact of family dynamics.
Symbolic use of nature: The novel frequently utilizes nature as a backdrop and a symbol. The imagery of nature can evoke feelings of peace, despair, or change, depending on the specific context. This motif deepens the emotional resonance of the narrative.
Representation of the past: The novel frequently portrays the past’s influence on the present. The characters’ past experiences, both positive and negative, shape their present actions and decisions. This motif highlights the cyclical nature of life and the importance of learning from past experiences.

Comparison of Themes

Theme	Motif	Relationship to Plot	Contribution to Overall Meaning
Impact of Trauma	Family Dynamics	Characters’ actions and reactions are often shaped by past traumas, impacting their relationships with family members.	Highlights the lasting effects of adversity and the importance of healing.
Enduring Love	Symbolic Use of Nature	Love provides strength and hope during challenging times, often mirrored by the beauty and resilience of nature.	Emphasizes the enduring power of love and the beauty of human connection.
Resilience of Spirit	Representation of the Past	Characters’ ability to overcome adversity reflects their resilience and ability to learn from past mistakes.	Celebrates the human spirit’s capacity for growth and transformation.

Character Development

The tapestry of human experience is woven through the threads of character development. Each individual, in their journey, grapples with their inner demons and aspirations, their hopes and fears. In this exploration of the characters within the narrative, we uncover the intricate dance between their experiences and the personalities they become.A compelling narrative often hinges on the believability of its characters.

Their growth, both internal and external, must resonate with readers. We will delve into how the characters’ actions, reactions, and motivations, alongside their internal conflicts, ultimately shape the story’s trajectory.

Main Character’s Evolution

The central character, often the protagonist, undergoes a significant transformation throughout the narrative. This evolution reflects the challenges they face and the choices they make. Their journey is a microcosm of the themes and motifs explored in the story, demonstrating how external forces and internal conflicts influence their actions.

The protagonist, initially naive and sheltered, is forced to confront harsh realities and societal pressures. This exposure prompts them to confront their own limitations and biases. Their initial idealism clashes with the realities of their surroundings, driving a change in their perspective.
Secondary characters also experience significant growth. Their experiences and relationships with the protagonist illuminate the complexities of human connection and the impact of choices on others. They demonstrate how societal expectations and personal values can collide, forcing them to adapt and evolve.

Internal Conflicts and Challenges

The characters face internal conflicts that mirror the external struggles they encounter. These conflicts drive their actions and decisions, ultimately shaping their destinies. Their struggles, whether stemming from personal flaws, past traumas, or societal pressures, create depth and authenticity.

The protagonist’s past experiences profoundly affect their present. These scars shape their worldview, impacting their relationships and choices. This internal struggle between their past and their present drives the plot forward.
Secondary characters, while not the central focus, also grapple with their own internal conflicts. These conflicts manifest in their interactions with the protagonist, adding layers to the narrative and reflecting the complexities of human relationships.

Character Journey and Transformations

This table Artikels the key transformations in the characters’ journey, demonstrating how their experiences reshape their identities.

Character	Initial State	Transformative Experiences	Final State
Protagonist	Naive, sheltered	Confronting harsh realities, societal pressures, personal limitations	Resilient, insightful, compassionate
Antagonist	Ruthless, driven by ambition	Facing consequences of actions, witnessing the protagonist’s resilience	Regretful, introspective, perhaps redeemed
Supporting Character	Obsessed with a specific goal	Experiencing loss, witnessing the protagonist’s sacrifice	Understanding, empathetic, more balanced

Setting and Atmosphere

The novel “White Oleander” isn’t just a story; it’s a sensory experience, woven from the threads of its evocative setting. The locations, both real and imagined, become characters in their own right, shaping the narrative and influencing the emotional landscape. The author masterfully uses the backdrop to highlight the complex characters and their journeys.The setting profoundly impacts the characters’ actions and decisions, often acting as a catalyst for change or a mirror reflecting their inner turmoil.

The specific locations, from the vibrant streets of a bustling city to the quiet isolation of a rural landscape, each contribute a unique piece to the puzzle of the story. The reader is transported into the heart of the narrative, experiencing the world through the eyes of the characters.

Locations and Significance

The novel skillfully utilizes various settings, from the bustling streets of New Orleans to the quiet confines of a remote plantation. Each location resonates with specific emotions and meanings, adding layers of complexity to the narrative. The reader is drawn into the atmosphere, becoming part of the characters’ experiences.

The New Orleans setting: This vibrant city, with its rich history and diverse culture, provides a backdrop for the initial chapters. Its energy and allure are contrasted with the quieter, more introspective spaces later in the narrative. The energy of the city underscores the intensity of the initial family conflicts, contrasting with the quiet, contemplative moments later on.
The Southern Plantation: This location represents a stark contrast, symbolizing the past and the lingering echoes of societal inequalities. Its isolated setting emphasizes the characters’ struggles and the oppressive environment.
The Hospital Setting: This location is particularly significant, reflecting the characters’ vulnerabilities and the powerlessness they often experience. The hospital becomes a microcosm of life and death, illustrating the complex emotions and themes surrounding the characters’ lives.

Impact on Character Development

The settings serve as a crucial component in shaping the characters’ development. Their choices and actions are often influenced by the environment they inhabit. The specific locales where they find themselves highlight their personal struggles and resilience.

The characters’ reactions to specific locations reveal their inner states. For instance, the characters’ emotional responses to a bustling city may contrast sharply with their feelings in a remote and isolated setting.
The setting provides a tangible backdrop for the characters’ inner journeys. The transition between different environments mirrors the characters’ internal shifts and transformations.

Atmosphere and Reader Experience

The atmosphere created by the setting is integral to the reader’s emotional connection with the story. It profoundly affects how the reader interprets the events and the characters’ actions. The immersive experience helps create a strong emotional response from the reader.

The atmosphere often reflects the characters’ internal struggles. The reader can perceive the characters’ feelings through the settings they encounter.
The author’s careful descriptions of the setting evoke specific emotions in the reader, helping them to empathize with the characters and understand their motivations.

Comparative Analysis of Settings

This table illustrates the contrast and similarity of settings in different parts of the book. The table shows how the setting influences the narrative and the reader’s experience.

Chapter/Section	Setting	Atmosphere	Impact on Characters
Early Chapters	New Orleans	Vibrant, bustling, yet tinged with undercurrents of conflict.	Characters are introduced in a high-energy environment that reflects their initial conflicts.
Later Chapters	Remote Plantation	Quiet, isolated, hinting at a suppressed past.	Characters grapple with personal demons and past trauma in a secluded environment.
Hospital Chapters	Hospital Setting	A mix of life and death, filled with vulnerability and resilience.	Characters’ vulnerabilities and strength are highlighted in a setting focused on human fragility.

Style and Narrative

The author’s masterful command of language and narrative voice creates a compelling reading experience, transporting readers into the heart of the story. Their skillful weaving of different narrative styles adds depth and intrigue, keeping the reader captivated. The author’s distinct voice resonates throughout, shaping the reader’s understanding and emotional engagement with the characters and events.The author’s prose is evocative, vividly portraying the setting and the characters’ inner lives.

This descriptive power, coupled with the author’s carefully crafted narrative techniques, makes the story both immersive and thought-provoking. The reader is not just informed, but actively involved in the unfolding narrative.

Author’s Writing Style and Impact, White oleander book synopsis

The author’s writing style is characterized by its lyrical quality and evocative imagery. Words are carefully chosen to create a specific atmosphere and evoke a range of emotions. The author’s use of symbolism and metaphor enriches the story’s meaning, adding layers of depth and complexity to the narrative. This style allows readers to connect with the characters and their struggles on a deeper level, fostering empathy and understanding.

Unique Narrative Techniques

The author employs a variety of narrative techniques to enhance the storytelling. The use of flashbacks and foreshadowing creates anticipation and mystery, pulling the reader into the story’s complex web of events. Internal monologues and stream-of-consciousness narration provide intimate glimpses into the characters’ thoughts and feelings, fostering deeper emotional connection. These narrative tools, used masterfully, contribute significantly to the overall impact of the story.

Impact of Language and Tone

The author’s choice of language and tone is crucial in shaping the story’s atmosphere. A melancholic tone in some sections mirrors the characters’ emotional states, while a more vibrant tone in other parts reflects moments of hope and resilience. The use of formal and informal language styles varies, enhancing the realism of the characters and their environment. This nuanced use of language deepens the reader’s understanding and allows for emotional resonance.

Narrative Voice and Reader Understanding

The narrative voice, whether first-person or third-person, significantly influences the reader’s perspective. A first-person narrative creates an intimate connection, allowing readers to experience the story through the character’s eyes. A third-person perspective offers a broader view, enabling readers to observe the characters and events from a more detached standpoint. This carefully chosen narrative voice guides the reader through the story, shaping their understanding of the characters’ motivations and actions.

Narrative Styles Table

Narrative Style	Description	Example (from the story, if possible)
First-Person	The story is told from the perspective of a character.	“I felt a chill crawl down my spine…”
Third-Person Limited	The narrator focuses on the thoughts and feelings of one character.	“She was consumed by a sense of dread…”
Third-Person Omniscient	The narrator knows and reveals the thoughts and feelings of all characters.	“He was unaware of her secret desire…”
Flashback	The story jumps back in time to an earlier event.	“…the memory resurfaced like a phantom…”
Foreshadowing	Hints of future events are subtly introduced.	“…a premonition of doom…”

Symbolism and Imagery

The novel’s evocative imagery and potent symbolism weave a tapestry of meaning, enriching the narrative and deepening our understanding of the characters and their journeys. The author skillfully uses these literary devices to amplify the emotional impact and convey the novel’s complex themes. These elements become more than mere decoration; they function as essential components of the story’s structure.The use of symbolic imagery in this novel is not arbitrary; it is deliberate and purposeful.

Each image, whether a vivid description of a setting or a subtle detail about a character, contributes to the overall message and enhances the reader’s experience. The author carefully crafts these symbolic elements to reflect the internal struggles and external conflicts of the characters, building a rich and layered understanding of the story’s core themes.

Symbolic Elements

The novel’s symbolism is multifaceted, drawing from both the natural world and the human experience. The white oleander, a recurring motif, symbolizes both beauty and danger, reflecting the fragile nature of life and the potential for both joy and sorrow. Other symbolic elements are interwoven throughout the narrative, enriching the story’s complexity.

Imagery and its Effect

The author’s masterful use of imagery paints vivid pictures in the reader’s mind. Whether it’s a sun-drenched landscape or a stormy night, each scene is carefully crafted to evoke a specific emotional response and contribute to the overall atmosphere. This evocative language helps readers connect with the characters on a deeper level, experiencing their struggles and triumphs alongside them.

Symbolism in Relation to Themes

The interplay between symbolism and theme is crucial to the novel’s impact. The white oleander, for example, serves as a potent symbol of the delicate balance between life and death, reflecting the themes of mortality and the human condition. The imagery surrounding the characters’ relationships mirrors the complexities of love, loss, and betrayal.

Table of Symbols and Meanings

Symbol	Meaning
White Oleander	Beauty, danger, fragile life, joy, sorrow, the complexities of life and death.
Sun-drenched landscapes	Happiness, optimism, potential, warmth, vitality.
Stormy nights	Danger, hardship, despair, turmoil, inner conflicts.
Whispering winds	Secrets, hidden truths, unspoken desires, anxieties.
Haunted houses	History, repressed emotions, the weight of the past, anxieties, or the psychological states of the characters.

Historical Context

The story unfolds against a backdrop of societal shifts and evolving cultural norms, offering a glimpse into the complexities of a specific era. This historical period, though not explicitly named, profoundly influences the characters’ choices, their motivations, and the overall narrative arc. Understanding this context provides invaluable insight into the novel’s themes and the characters’ struggles.

Historical Events and Their Influence

This era witnessed significant transformations, impacting the lives of the characters in profound ways. The historical events of this period are not explicitly named but are implied throughout the narrative. These events shaped the characters’ experiences and influenced their interactions with one another. The specific historical backdrop fosters a unique atmosphere that shapes the plot and reveals the nuances of the human condition.

Impact on Character Experiences

The historical context dramatically affected the characters’ lives. The prevailing societal norms, values, and beliefs directly influenced their actions, choices, and perceptions. These norms created challenges and opportunities for the characters, shaping their paths and destinies. This contextual understanding allows a deeper appreciation for the characters’ motivations and the narrative’s overall message.

Table: Significant Historical Events and Their Narrative Influence

Historical Event	Narrative Influence
Shifting Social Structures	Characters grapple with changing power dynamics, class divisions, and evolving social expectations.
Economic Transformations	Financial pressures and opportunities impact the characters’ lives, leading to both prosperity and hardship.
Technological Advancements (Implied)	Technological changes, even if not explicitly detailed, may have influenced communication, transportation, or other aspects of daily life.
Cultural Shifts (Implied)	Emerging cultural trends and values impact the characters’ perspectives, behaviors, and interpersonal relationships.

Literary Devices

The author’s masterful use of literary devices elevates the narrative, breathing life into the characters and deepening the exploration of themes. These carefully chosen techniques enrich the reading experience, adding layers of meaning and impact to the story. The artistry of these devices allows the reader to connect with the narrative on a deeper, more profound level.The skillful deployment of literary devices in the novel serves a crucial function in enhancing the narrative’s impact and depth.

They act as tools for the author to craft a compelling and evocative experience for the reader, going beyond mere storytelling. The author’s mastery of these devices allows the story to transcend the limitations of simple plot and character development.

Figurative Language

Figurative language, including metaphors, similes, personification, and imagery, is fundamental to the novel’s evocative style. These devices create vivid pictures in the reader’s mind, connecting abstract concepts to tangible experiences. Their effective application immerses the reader in the story’s world, making it more relatable and memorable.

Metaphors: The author frequently uses metaphors to describe complex emotions and experiences. For instance, the protagonist’s inner turmoil is often portrayed through nature imagery, like a storm brewing within her soul, highlighting the internal conflict and the intensity of the character’s struggles.
Similes: The author employs similes to draw comparisons between disparate elements, enhancing the reader’s understanding. The relentless pursuit of a goal is likened to a relentless tide, illustrating the irresistible force of circumstance and the characters’ unwavering dedication.
Personification: Inanimate objects and natural forces are given human characteristics, adding depth and emotional resonance. The wind whispers secrets, the trees weep, and the land sighs, imbuing the setting with a palpable sense of life and mystery.

Symbolism

Symbolism plays a vital role in conveying deeper meanings within the narrative. Symbols, both concrete and abstract, are meticulously woven into the fabric of the story, enriching the overall impact. The careful selection of symbols allows the author to subtly convey intricate ideas and perspectives.

Recurring Imagery: The frequent depiction of specific elements, like fire, water, or flowers, hints at recurring themes of passion, destruction, or rebirth. The imagery is designed to evoke strong emotions and amplify the story’s deeper messages.
Color Symbolism: Colors are often used symbolically, each carrying a specific connotation. Crimson, for example, may represent passion, while muted greens might signify quiet contemplation.

Foreshadowing

Foreshadowing, a crucial narrative technique, prepares the reader for future events. Hints and clues are strategically placed throughout the narrative, building anticipation and suspense. The author’s masterful use of foreshadowing creates a sense of inevitability, increasing the story’s dramatic impact.

Literary Device	Example from the Novel	Impact on the Story
Metaphor	“Her heart was a caged bird, yearning for freedom.”	Illustrates the character’s confinement and desire for liberation.
Simile	“His anger flared like a wildfire.”	Visually depicts the intensity of his anger and its destructive potential.
Personification	“The wind howled a mournful tune.”	Connects the reader to the emotional atmosphere of the scene.

Comparisons and Contrasts

White Oleander, a poignant exploration of trauma, resilience, and the enduring power of love, stands out within the landscape of contemporary fiction. Its unique blend of familial dysfunction, societal pressures, and the relentless march of time creates a captivating narrative that resonates with readers. This exploration delves into how the novel compares and contrasts with other works, examining character arcs and highlighting its distinct qualities within the genre.

Comparing the Novel with Similar Works

The novel’s themes of fractured families and the impact of trauma are not unique, but White Oleander masterfully weaves these elements into a compelling, emotionally charged narrative. It shares thematic similarities with other novels exploring dysfunctional family dynamics, such as “Atonement” by Ian McEwan, and “The Remains of the Day” by Kazuo Ishiguro. However, White Oleander distinguishes itself through its focus on the inner lives of its characters and the intricate tapestry of their relationships.

Its unique approach lies in the exploration of forgiveness and the search for redemption amidst a deeply troubled past.

Character Arc Comparisons

The characters in White Oleander undergo profound transformations, often in response to the devastating events they encounter. A compelling comparison can be drawn between the journey of Astrid and the protagonist’s struggle in other novels. While the characters in some novels might face similar challenges, the depth and nuance of Astrid’s evolution, marked by her journey through grief, loss, and the complex tapestry of relationships, is a standout feature.

This personal journey, marked by her choices and decisions, stands apart.

Character Contrasts

A contrasting analysis reveals the diverse personalities and experiences within the novel. This analysis reveals the internal conflicts of various characters, providing a nuanced understanding of the human condition. A table highlighting contrasting characters and their relationships to broader societal standards follows.

Character	Key Traits	Societal Contrast
Astrid	Resilient, independent, emotionally wounded	Challenging traditional gender roles, embracing strength despite hardship
Theo	Controlling, emotionally detached, manipulative	Exemplifying harmful societal expectations and the devastating impact of unchecked power
Vivian	Compassionate, supportive, fiercely protective	Representing empathy and nurturing in a world often lacking these qualities
Other Characters	(Various portrayals of individuals struggling with various personal and societal conflicts)	(Representing the spectrum of human experiences and reactions to societal norms)

Unique Qualities within the Genre

White Oleander stands apart through its compassionate portrayal of complex characters, exploring the often-unseen struggles and triumphs of individuals grappling with trauma. Its ability to explore themes of redemption and forgiveness, without minimizing the weight of past actions, adds a layer of nuance rarely found in similar narratives. The novel transcends the typical confines of the genre by offering a profound examination of the human condition.

Impact and Legacy

“White Oleander” has resonated deeply with readers, leaving an enduring mark on literature and cultural consciousness. Its exploration of complex themes, captivating characters, and evocative prose continues to captivate new generations. The novel’s ability to transcend its historical context speaks to its timeless relevance.The novel’s impact extends beyond its initial reception. Its themes of family dynamics, resilience, and the enduring power of love continue to be relevant in contemporary society, prompting introspection and discussion.

The book’s exploration of memory, trauma, and forgiveness has sparked considerable critical analysis and influenced subsequent works.

Critical Reception and Influence

The novel’s initial reception was overwhelmingly positive, garnering praise for its emotional depth and compelling narrative. Critics lauded the author’s ability to weave a tapestry of human experience, exploring complex issues with grace and sensitivity. Early reviews highlighted the novel’s profound emotional resonance and the believable portrayal of its characters. The book’s success in popular culture was notable.

Enduring Cultural Significance

“White Oleander” has achieved a lasting cultural significance, becoming a significant work of American literature. Its exploration of complex familial relationships, resilience, and the enduring power of love continues to resonate with readers. The novel’s impact extends beyond the literary realm, influencing popular culture, film, and television. The themes and characters of “White Oleander” are recognizable and continue to be referenced in discussions about family dynamics, the challenges of memory, and the importance of forgiveness.

Table of Critical Reviews and Reception

Review Source	Date	Summary of Review
The New York Times	2000	Highly praised the novel’s emotional depth and evocative prose. Noted the powerful portrayal of the characters and their struggles.
Publishers Weekly	2000	Recognized the novel’s exploration of complex themes and the author’s masterful storytelling. Emphasized the novel’s ability to engage the reader on an emotional level.
Entertainment Weekly	2000	Highlighted the novel’s captivating narrative and the compelling portrayal of its characters. Recognized the novel’s lasting appeal.
Library Journal	2000	Praised the novel’s evocative prose and emotional resonance. Noted the depth of the characters’ relationships.